Tuning matching circuits for transmitter and receiver bands as a function of the transmitter metrics

ABSTRACT

A system can obtain an operational metric associated with the transceiver, determine a target figure of merit based on a compromise between a desired transmitter performance and a desired receiver, determine a current figure of merit based on the operational metric, and adjust the variable reactance component of the impedance matching circuit based on a comparison of the current figure of merit with the target figure of merit. Other embodiments are disclosed.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

Notice: More than one reissue application has been filed for the reissueof U.S. Pat. No. 8,798,555. The Reissue applications are applicationSer. No. 14/716,014, and the present application filed herewith. Thisapplication is a continuation of co-pendingreissue application of U.S.patent application Ser. No. 14/716,014, filed May 19, 2015, which is anapplication for reissue of U.S. Pat. No. 8,798,555, issued on Aug. 5,2014, from U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/693,388, which is acontinuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/168,529, filed onJun. 24, 2011, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,428,523, which is a continuation ofU.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/940,309 filed on Nov. 14, 2007, nowU.S. Pat. No. 7,991,363, the disclosures of all of which are herebyincorporated by reference in their entirety.

FILED OF THE DISCLOSURE

The present invention is directed towards impedance matching circuitsand more particularly, adaptive impedance matching circuits to improvetransceiver operation in a variety of scenarios.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

As more technology and features are incorporated into small packages,engineering teams must get more and more creative, especially in theface of lagging miniaturization of parts and components. One of theareas that engineers focus on is multipurpose circuitry or, circuitrythat meets a variety of functions. A good example of this focus is withregards to antenna matching circuits within cellular telephone devices.

Cellular telephone devices have migrated from single cellular technologysupporting devices to multi-cellular technology devices integrating avariety of other consumer features such as MP3 players, color displays,games, etc. Thus, not only are the cellular telephone devices requiredto communicate at a variety of frequencies, they are also subjected to alarge variety of use conditions. All of these factors can result in aneed for different impedance matching circuits for the antenna. However,by utilizing tunable components, a single matching circuit can be usedunder a variety of circumstances. Tunable matching circuits generallyoperate to adjust the impedance match with an antenna over a frequencyrange to maximize the output power. However, difficulties arise whenattempting to tune the matching circuit for signal reception. What isneeded in the art is an adaptive impedance matching module that canoperate to optimize performance of both the transmitter and the receiverunder a variety of circumstances. Further, what is needed is an adaptiveimpedance matching module that optimizes performance of the transceiverbased on optimizing the operation in view of a figure of merit.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In general, embodiments of the invention include a tunable matchingcircuit and an algorithm for adjusting the same. More particularly, thetuning circuit is adjusted primarily based on transmitter orientedmetrics and is then applied to attain a desired tuning for bothtransmitter and receiver operation. In a time division multiplexed (TDM)system in which the transmitter and the receiver operate at differentfrequencies but are only keyed in their respective time slots (i.e.transmit time slot and receive time slot), this is accomplished byidentifying an optimal tuning for the transmitter and then adding anempirically derived adjustment to the tuning circuit in receive mode. Ina frequency division multiplexed (FDM) system in which the transmitterand receiver operate simultaneously and at different frequencies, thisis accomplished by identifying a target operation for the transmitter,and then adjusting the tuning circuit first to the target value for thetransmitter and then adjusting the values to approach a compromisedvalue proximate to an equal or desired target value for the receiver.

An exemplary embodiment of the present invention provides a method forcontrolling a matching circuit for interfacing an antenna with atransceiver. The matching circuit includes one or more tunablecomponents. The tuning of the matching circuit is based on a figure ofmerit that incorporates one or more operation metrics. One aspect of thepresent invention is that the operation metrics can be transmitter basedbut still provide desired adjustment results for receiver operation. Theoperation metric(s) is monitored and measured and then compared to thefigure of merit. If the desired operation is not attained, the variablecomponent(s) of the matching circuit is adjusted using one or more of avariety of techniques to attain the figure of merit. This process isperformed to maintain operation at the figure of merit.

In one embodiment of the invention more particularly suited for TDMsystems, an offset, scaling factor, translation or other change ormodification is applied to the adjustments of the variable componentswhen switching from the transmit mode to the receive mode. Thistranslation is a function of the values obtained while adjusting duringthe transmit time slot. The translation is then removed upon return tothe transmitter mode and the adjustment process is resumed.

In another embodiment of the invention particularly suited for FDMsystems, the figure of merit not only incorporates the transmit metrics,but also incorporates an element to attain a compromise between optimaltransmitter and optimal receiver operation. This is accomplished byidentifying a target operation goal, such as a desired transmitter andreceiver reflection loss and then identifying an operational settingthat is a close compromise between the two. This embodiment thusincorporates not only transmitter metrics but also tuning circuitsettings or preferences into the algorithm. The tuning preferences canbe empirically identified to ensure the desired operation.

These and other aspects, features and embodiments of the presentinvention will be more appreciated upon review of the figures and thedetailed description.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary environment fordeployment of one or more embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a circuit diagram illustrating further details of an exemplarymatching circuit that could be included in the AIMM in an exemplaryembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 3 is a flow diagram illustrating the general steps taken in anexemplary embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 4 and FIG. 4A are a plots of the transmitter reflection losses forfour operating frequencies.

FIG. 5 is a flow diagram illustrating the steps involved in an exemplaryembodiment of the present invention operating in a TDM environment.

FIG. 6 is a return loss contour diagram in the PTC plane for aparticular frequency (i.e., 825 MHz/870 MHz operation).

FIG. 7 is a flow diagram illustrating the steps involved in an exemplaryembodiment of the present invention in obtaining the preference valuesfor PTC1 and PTC2.

FIG. 8 is a contour plot showing the magnitude and the phase of thereflection coefficient.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention, as well as features and aspects thereof, isdirected towards providing an impedance matching circuit, module orcomponent that in response to sensing the matching condition bymonitoring one or more metrics or parameters of the transmitter, can beadjusted to optimize the match.

More specifically, embodiments of the present invention include adaptiveimpedance matching circuits, modules, IC's etc., that operate to sensethe matching condition of the transmit signal or other transmitterrelated metric and then optimizes the matching characteristics byadjusting the values of one or more tunable devices in view of attainingor reaching a figure of merit. The figure of merit can be based on avariety of elements, such as the input return loss, output power,current drain, linearity metrics, as well as others. In the embodimentsof the present invention that are presented herein, the figure of meritis typically described or defined as being based on the input returnloss. However, it is to be understood that this is just a non-limitingexample of the present invention, and although it may in and of itselfbe considered as novel, other transmitter, or non-receiver, relatedmetrics may be incorporated into the figure of merit in addition to orin lieu of the input return loss or reflection loss.

In an exemplary embodiment, an adaptive impedance matching module (AIMM)detects transmitter related metrics and optimizes the matching circuitkeyed on the transmit signal. A benefit associated with focusing on thetransmit signal, as well as other transmitter metrics, is that thetransmit signal is higher in power than the receive signal and thus, iseasier to detect. However, it will be appreciated by those skilled inthe art that it is desirable to improve the matching conditions for boththe transmit signal and the receive signal. Advantageously, the presentinvention operates to optimize a figure of merit that achieves a desiredoperation of both signals even though the matching adjustments performedby the AIMM are only based on sensing the transmitter related metrics.

One embodiment of the invention is particularly well suited foroperating in a time division multiplexed (TDM) system. In a TDM system,the radio transmits and receives in different time slots. Typically, thetransmitter and receiver also operate on different frequencies; however,it will be appreciated that some systems utilize the same frequency fortransmission and reception. Nonetheless, in a TDM system, thetransmitter and receiver are not active at the same time. In thisenvironment, the AIMM can be adjusted to optimal settings for thetransmitter during a transmit time slot and then the AIMM can beadjusted to optimal setting for the receiver during the receive timeslot. As such, the AIMM tuner can be set differently during transmit andreceive time slots. During the transmit time slot, an adjustmentalgorithm is applied to determine the appropriate settings of the AIMMto optimize the match or attain a figure of merit that results inachieving or approaching a desired level of operation. Because anyfrequency offset between the transmit signal and the receive signal isknown, an adjustment or modification of the setting of the AIMM in theform of a translation or some other function is applied to the AIMMduring the receive time slot. The adjustment improves the matchingcharacteristics at the receiver frequency based on knowledge determinedduring the transmit time slot and the general operation of the receiver.During the next transmit time slot, the translation is removed from theAIMM and the adjustment algorithm regains control of the AIMM. Uponreturning to the receive time slot, the modification can be reappliedor, if the settings during the transmit time slot have been changed,then the new settings can be modified for the subsequent receive timeslot.

The adjustment applied to the AIMM during the receive time slot can beobtained in a variety of manners. For instance, in one embodiment theadjustment may be a translation derived empirically by characterizingthe tuner at the transmitter and receiver frequencies and then derivinga mapping function to describe the translation. Alternatively, thetranslation may be derived by using the known (or theoretical)S-parameters of the tuner network.

Another embodiment of the present invention is particularly suited for aFrequency Division Multiplexed (FDM) system. In an FDM system, the radiotransmits and receives at the same time but at different frequencies.Unlike the embodiment suited for a TDM application, the FDM applicationrequires the AIMM to use the same tuning condition for both transmitterand receiver operation. In this embodiment, the tuner is adjusted toprovide a desired compromise between matching at the transmit frequencyand matching at the receive frequency. It will be appreciated that thiscompromise could be attained by simply defining a figure of merit thatincorporates both a transmitter metric and a receiver metric. However,as previously mentioned, the receive signal is typically lower than thetransmit signal and as such, it may be difficult to accurately sense anduse as a metric.

Thus, in this embodiment, non-receiver related metrics are used to finda desired compromised state for tuning the AIMM. It will be appreciatedthat the desired compromised state can vary based on embodiment andoperational requirements. For instance, in some embodiments,transmission of data may be more important than reception and as such,preference may be given to optimizing the transmitter. Such a situationmay exist in an emergency radio system that is used by people in thefield and that need to report back to a central location, but are notnecessarily dependent upon information from that central location. Inother embodiments, the reception of data may be more important than thetransmission. For instance, the reception of weather related informationas an emergency warning system. In such an embodiment, preference may begiven to optimizing the receiver. Yet in other embodiments, both thereception and transmission of data may be equally important and as such,a setting that gives a compromised performance or attempts to equalizethe performance of both the transmitter and receiver is desired. Such anembodiment is typical of cellular telephone operation.

The FDM suitable embodiments of the present invention operate to obtaina desired level of operation based on one or more transmitter relatedmetrics, and also incorporate known characteristics about the tuningcircuits to achieve the desired operating state. The desired operatingstate typically reflects a state of operation that is a compromise fromthe optimal states for the transmitter and receiver. For instance, oneembodiment of the present invention may include the tuning states of thetunable devices in the matching circuit within a transmit signal basedfigure of merit. Advantageously, this aspect of the present inventionenables improved performance in the receive band without having to takea receiver measurement.

Another embodiment of the invention deployable within an FDM environmentis to tune the matching circuit to a figure of merit that is based on avector measurement of the transmitter reflection coefficient. In thisembodiment, the phase information in the vector measurement isincorporated into the figure of merit and the optimal compromise betweenthe transmitter and receiver operation occurs at a particular phase ofthe transmitter reflection coefficient.

Now turning to the figures, the various embodiments, features, aspectsand advantages of the present invention are presented in more detail.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary environment fordeployment of one or more embodiments of the present invention. Theillustrated embodiment includes an adaptive impedance matching module(AIMM) 100, however, it should be appreciated that the invention can beincorporated into embodiments that utilize discrete components,integrated circuits, a combination of software, firmware and hardware,or the like, and that the embodiment presented as a module is anon-limiting example. Further, although the present invention isdescribed within the context of an AIMM, it will be appreciated thatvarious aspects, features and embodiments equally apply to otherconfigurations. The AIMM 100 includes a tuner 110 that includes amatching circuit with one or more tunable elements or components. Anexemplary embodiment of a tuner includes tunable capacitances and morespecifically, two tunable capacitances, but it will be appreciated thatthe present invention can be applied to a wide variety of tunableimpedance matching circuits. Operating in conjunction with sensor 127, afirst detector 120 is used to detect the forward transmit power and asecond detector 125 is used to detect the reflected transmit power.These values are measured in order to determine the transmitter returnloss (i.e., TxRL=20 Log|S11|) where S11 is known by those skilled in theart to be the ratio between the reflected and incident power on port 1.The environment may further include a high-voltage ASIC (HV-ASIC) 130containing a DC/DC converter and at least two DACs to generate the highvoltage bias signals 132 and 134 required to control the tunablecomponents. A micro-controller, microprocessor or other processing unit(PU) 140 receives output signals from the forward detector 120 and thereflected detector 125 and can calculate the reflected loss of thetransmitted signal and thus, characterize the impedance matching of thecircuit. Not illustrated, the PU 140 also interfaces or includes one ormore memory elements including, but not limited to various forms ofvolatile and non-volatile memory. For instance, the PU may periodicallywrite values to memory and read values from memory, such as settings forthe variable components in the AIMM.

FIG. 2 is a circuit diagram illustrating further details of an exemplarymatching circuit 200 that could be included in the AIMM 100 for anexemplary embodiment of the present invention. The illustrated matchingcircuit 200 includes a first tunable capacitance PTC1, a first impedanceL1, a second impedance L2 and a second tunable capacitance PTC2 wherePTC is a Paratek Tunable Capacitor. The first tunable capacitance PTC1is coupled to ground on one end and to the output of a transceiver onthe other end. The node of PTC1 that is coupled to the transceiver isalso connected to a first end of the first impedance L1. The secondimpedance L2 is connected between the second end of the first impedanceL1 and ground. The second end of the first impedance L1 is also coupledto a first end of the second tunable capacitance PTC2. The second end ofthe second tunable capacitance PTC2 is then coupled to an antenna 210.The tunable capacitances can be tuned over a range such as 0.3 to 1times a nominal value C. For instance, if the nominal value of thetunable capacitance is 5 pF, the tunable range would be from 1.5 to 5pF. In an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, PTC1 has anominal capacitance of 5 pf and is tunable over the 0.3 to 1 timesrange, the first impedance L1 as a value of 3.1 nH, and the secondimpedance L2 has a value of 2.4 nH and the second tunable capacitancePTC2 has a nominal value of 20 pF and can be tuned over a range of 0.3to 1 times the nominal value. It will be appreciated that the tunablecapacitances in the illustrated embodiment could be tuned oar adjustedover their ranges in an effort to optimize the matching characteristicsof the AIMM under various operating conditions. Thus, under various useconditions, operating environments and at various frequencies ofoperation, the tunable capacitances can be adjusted to optimizeperformance or attain a desired level of performance.

FIG. 3 is a flow diagram illustrating the general steps taken in anexemplary embodiment of the present invention. The basic flow of thealgorithm 300 initially includes measuring the performance parameters ormetrics 310 used as feedback pertaining to the performance of the AIMMor the impedance match between a transceiver and an antenna. Theperformance metrics utilized may vary over embodiments of the presentinvention, over various usage scenarios, over technology being utilized(i.e. FDM, TDM, etc.), based on system settings and/or carrierrequirements, etc. For instance, in an exemplary embodiment of thepresent invention, the performance metrics include one or more of thefollowing transmitter related metrics: the transmitter return loss,output power, current drain, and transmitter linearity.

Next, a current figure of merit (FOM) is calculated 320. The current FOMis based on the one or more performance metrics, as well as othercriteria. The current FOM is then compared to a target FOM 325. Thetarget FOM is the optimal or desired performance requirements orobjective for the system. As such, the target FOM can be defined by aweighted combination of any measurable or predictable metrics. Forinstance, if it is desired to maximize the efficiency of thetransmitter, the target FOM can be defined to result in tuning thematching network accordingly. Thus, depending on the goal or objective,the target FOM can be defined to tune the matching network to achieveparticular goals or objectives. As a non-limiting example, theobjectives may focus on total radiated power (TRP), total isotropicsensitivity (TIS), efficiency and linearity. Furthermore, the target FOMmay be significantly different for a TDM system and an FDM system. Itshould be understood that the target FOM may be calculated or selectedon the fly based on various operating conditions, prior measurements,and modes of operation or, the target FOM could be determined at designtime and hard-coded into the AIMM 100.

If it is determined that the current FOM is not equal to the target FOM,or at least within a threshold value of the target FOM 330, new tuningvalues for the AIMM 100 are calculated or selected 335. However, if thecurrent FOM is equal to or within the defined threshold, then processingcontinues by once again measuring the performance metrics 310 andrepeating the process. Finally, if the current FOM needs to be adjustedtowards the target FOM, the AIMM 100 is adjusted with the new tuningvalues in an effort to attain or achieve operation at the target FOM340. In some embodiments, this new tuning value may also be stored as anew default tuning value of the transmitter at the given state ofoperation. For instance, in one embodiment, a single default value canbe used for all situations, and as such, the latest tuning values couldbe stored in the variable location. In other embodiments, a defaulttuning state may be maintained for a variety of operational states, suchas band of operation, use case scenario (i.e., hand held, antennaup/down, slider in/out, etc.) and depending on the current operationalstate, the new tuning values may be stored into the appropriate defaultvariable.

In one exemplary embodiment, the AIMM 100 is adjusted by tuning one ormore of the tunable components 340, measuring the new FOM (i.e., basedon the transmitter reflected loss) 320-330, and re-adjusting or retuningthe AIMM 100 accordingly 335-340 in a continuous loop. This process isreferred to as walking the matching circuit because is moves the circuitfrom a non-matched state towards a matched state one step at a time.This process is continued or repeated to attain and/or maintainperformance at the target FOM. Thus, the process identified by steps 310to 340 can be repeated periodically, a periodically, as needed, orotherwise. The looping is beneficial because even if performance at thetarget FOM is attained, adjustments may be necessary as the mode ofoperation (such as usage conditions) of the device change and/or theperformance of the transmitter, the antenna and the matching circuitrychange over time. In other embodiments, the tunable components can beset based on look-up tables or a combination of look-up tables andperforming fine-tuning adjustments. For instance, the step ofcalculating the AIMM tuning values 335 may involve accessing initialvalues from a look-up table and then, on subsequent loops through theprocess, fine tuning the values of the components in the AIMM 100.

In an exemplary embodiment of the present invention operating within aTDM environment, the AIMM 100 can be adjusted to optimize the operationof the transmitter during the transmit time slot. In such an embodiment,the performance metric may simply be the transmitter return loss. Inaddition, the target FOM in such an embodiment may also simply be afunction of the transmitter return loss. In this exemplary embodiment,the AIMM 100 can be tuned to minimize the FOM or the transmitter returnloss.

More particularly, for the circuit illustrated in FIG. 2, thisembodiment of the present invention can operate to tune the values ofPTC1 and PTC2 to minimize the transmitter return loss during thetransmit time slot. For this particular example, the algorithm of FIG. 3includes measuring the transmitter return loss, calculating adjustmentvalues for PTC1 and PTC2 to optimize a FOM that is a function of thetransmitter return loss, tuning the AIMM 100 by adjusting the values ofPTC1 and PTC2 and then repeating the process.

The adjustment values for PTC1 and PTC2 can be determined in a varietyof manners. For instance, in one embodiment of the invention the valuesmay be stored in memory for various transmitter frequencies and usagescenarios. In other embodiments, the values may be heuristicallydetermined on the fly by making adjustments to the tuning circuit,observing the effect on the transmitter return loss, and compensatingaccordingly. In yet another embodiment, a combination of a look-up tablecombined with heuristically determined fine tuning can be used to adjustthe AIMM 100.

During the receiver time slot, the AIMM 100 can be readjusted tooptimize or improve the performance of the receiver. Although, similarto the adjustments during the transmit time slot, particular performanceparameters may be measured and used to calculate a current FOM, aspreviously mentioned it is difficult to measure such performanceparameters for the receiver. As such, an exemplary embodiment of thepresent invention operates to apply a translation to the tuning valuesof the AIMM 100 derived at during the transmitter time slot, to improvethe performance during the receive time slot. During the design of thetransmitter and receiver circuitry, the characteristics of performancebetween the transmitter operation and receiver operation can becharacterized. This characterization can then be used to identify anappropriate translation to be applied. The translation may be selectedas a single value that is applicable for all operational states and usecases or, individual values can be determined for various operationalstates and use cases.

FIG. 4 is a plot of the transmitter reflection losses for four operatingfrequencies of a transceiver. The contours show the increasing magnitudeof the reflection loss in 1 dB increments. For instance, in FIG. 4A, theinside contour for the transmitter 406 is 20 dB and the bolded contouris 404 14 dB. Obviously, operation at the center of the contours 402 isoptimal during transmitter operation. In the illustrated example, it isapparent that simply by adjusting the value of PTC2 by adding an offset,significant performance improvements can be achieved in the receivertime slot by moving the operation towards point 412. The translationvaries depending on a variety of circumstances and modes of operationincluding the frequency of operation, and similarly, may vary based onusage of the device housing the circuitry. In the illustrated example,the performance is determined to be greatly improved for the receivertime slot if the value of PTC2 for receiver operation is adjusted to be0.6 times the value of PTC2 used for the optimal transmitter setting andthe value of PTC1 remains the same. This is true for each of theillustrated cases except at the 915 MHz/960 MHz operational state. At960 MHz, it is apparent that significant receiver improvement can berealized by also adjusting the value of PTC1 from its transmitter value.In the illustrated example, by examining the characteristics of thecircuitry it can be empirically derived that a suitable equation foroperation of the receiver at 960 MHz is:PTC1_Rx=PTC1_Tx+1−1.8*PTC2_Tx.

It should be noted that this equation is only a non-limiting example ofan equation that could be used for a particular circuit under particularoperating conditions and the present invention is not limited toutilization of this particular equation.

FIG. 5 is a flow diagram illustrating the steps involved in an exemplaryembodiment of the present invention operating in a TDM environment.During the transmitter time slot, the AIMM algorithm presented in FIG.3, or some other suitable algorithm, can be applied on a continual basisto move operation of the transmitter towards the target FOM. However,when the receive time slot is activated 505, the AIMM should be adjustedto match for the receiver frequency. The adjustment to the receiver modeof operation may initially involve determining the current operatingconditions of the device 510. Based on the current operating conditions,a translation for tuning of the various circuits in the AIMM 100 areidentified 520. For instance, various states, components or conditionscan be sensed and analyzed to determine or detect a current state or acurrent use case for the device. Based on this information, a particulartranslation value or function may be retrieved and applied. It shouldalso be appreciated that such translations can be determined during thedesign phase and loaded into the device. Finally, the translations areapplied to the AIMM 100 530. When operation returns to the transmittertime slot 535, the AIMM algorithm again takes over to optimize operationbased on the target FOM.

It should be understood that the translation applied to tuning of theAIMM 100 during the receiver time slot is based on the particularcircuit and device and can be determined during design or even on anindividual basis during manufacturing and testing. As such, the specifictranslations identified herein are for illustrative purposes only andshould not be construed to limit the operation of the present invention.

Thus, for TDM systems, embodiments of the present invention operate tooptimize operation of a device by tuning the matching circuit for anantenna to optimize operation based on a target FOM. During the receivertime slot, a translation is applied to the tuned components to improvereceiver performance. The target FOM can be based on a variety ofperformance metrics and a typical such metric is the reflection loss ofthe transmitter. The values for the tuned components can be set based onoperational conditions and using a look-up table, can be initially setby using such a look-up table and then heuristically fine tuned, or maybe heuristically determined on the fly during operation. Thetranslations applied during the receiver operation are determinedempirically based on the design of the circuitry and/or testing andmeasurements of the operation of the circuit. However, a unique aspectof the present invention is tuning of the matching circuit duringtransmit mode and based on non-receiver related metrics and thenretuning the circuit during receive mode operation based on atranslation to optimize or attain a desired level of receiver operation.

In an exemplary embodiment of the present invention operating within anFDM environment, the AIMM 100 can be adjusted to so that the matchingcharacteristics represent a compromise between optimal transmitter andreceiver operation. Several techniques can be applied to achieve thiscompromise. In one technique, the translation applied in the TDM examplecould be modified to adjust the AIMM 100 as a compromise between theoptimal transmit and receive settings. For instance, in the exampleillustrated in FIG. 2, the value of PTC1 and PTC2 can be determined andadjusted periodically, similar to TDM operation (even though such actionwould temporarily have an adverse effect on the receiver). Then, atranslation could be applied to the values of PTC1 and PTC2 for themajority of the operation time. For instance, in the TDM example shownin FIG. 4, the transmitter values were adjusted by multiplying the PTC2value by 0.6 in three modes of operation and using the above-identifiedequation during a forth mode of operation. This same scheme could beused in the FDM mode of operation however, the scaling factor would bedifferent to obtain operation that is compromised between the optimaltransmitter setting and optimal receiver setting. For example,multiplying the PTC2 value by 0.8 could attain an acceptable compromise.

However, another technique of an embodiment of the present invention isto apply an algorithm that operates to attain a target FOM that is basedon one or more transmitter related metrics (such as return loss) and thevalues of the adjustable components in the AIMM. Advantageously, thisaspect of the present invention continuously attempts to maintain acompromised state of operation that keeps the operation of thetransmitter and the receiver at a particular target FOM that representsa compromise performance metric level.

In the particular example illustrated in FIG. 2, such an algorithm couldbe based on a target FOM that is an expression consisting of thetransmitter return loss and the values of PTC1 and PTC2. Because thealgorithm is not operating to minimize the transmitter return loss inthis embodiment of an FDM system, a compromised value is specified. Forinstance, a specific target transmitter return loss can be pursued forboth transmitter and receiver operation by tuning the AIMM based on aFOM that is not only a function of the return loss, but also a functionof the values of PTC1 and PTC2 that will encourage operation at aspecific level. The target FOM is attained when the actual transmitterreturn loss is equal to the target transmitter return loss and,specified preferences for PTC1 and PTC2 are satisfied. The preferencesillustrated are for the value of PTC1 to be the highest possible valueand the value of PTC2 to be the lowest possible value while maintainingthe transmit return loss at the target value and satisfying the PTC1 andPTC2 preferences.

FIG. 6 is a return loss contour diagram in the PTC plane for aparticular frequency (i.e., 825 MHz/870 MHz operation). Obviously,optimal operation in an FDM system cannot typically be attained becausethe settings for optimal transmitter operation most likely do notcoincide with those for optimal receiver operation. As such, acompromise is typically selected. For instance, a compromise may includeoperating the transmitter at a target return loss value of −12 dB and ata point at which the transmitter −12 dB contour is closest to a desiredreceiver contour (i.e., −12 dB).

The operational goal of the system is to attempt to maintain thematching circuit at a point where the operational metrics for thetransmitter are at a target value (eg. −12 dB) and the estimated desiredreceiver operation is most proximate. In an exemplary embodiment of thepresent invention, an equation used to express the target FOM for suchan arrangement can be stated as follows:Target FOM=f(Tx_RL,TX_RL_Target)+f(PTC2,PTC1)Where: TX_RL is the measure transmitter return lossTX_RL_Target is the targeted transmitter return loss

In an exemplary embodiment suitable for the circuit provided in FIG. 2,the FOM may be expressed as:FOM=(Tx_RL−Tx_RL_Target)+C2*PTC2−C1*PTC1), where,C1 and C2 are preference constants or scaled values, andif Tx_RL>Tx_RL_Target then Tx_RL=Tx_RL_Target.

In operation, exemplary embodiments of the present invention optimizethe transmitter based on the target reflected loss to attain operationon the desired contour 610 (as shown in FIG. 6) and also adjusts thevalues of PTC1 and PTC2 to attain operation at the desired location 630(or minimum FOM) on the contour. The portion of the FOM equationincluding the TxRL and TX_RL_Target values ensures operation on thetargeted RL contour 610 (i.e., the −12 db RL contour). By observing thecontour 610, it is quite apparent that not all points on the targetreflected loss contour have the same value for the PTC1 and PTC2.Because of this, the values of PTC1 and PTC2 can be incorporated intothe target FOM equation to force or encourage operation at a particularlocation on the reflected loss contour. In the illustrated example, thetarget FOM is the point at which the reflected loss contour is closestto the expected same valued reflected loss contour for the receiver.However, it will be appreciated that other performance goals may also besought and the present invention is not limited to this particularexample. For instance, in other embodiments, the target FOM may beselected to encourage operation at a mid-point between optimaltransmitter performance and expected optimal receiver performance. Inyet another embodiment, the target FOM may be selected to encourageoperation at a point that is mid-point between a desired transmittermetric and an estimated or measured equivalent for the receiver metric.

In the provided example illustrated in FIG. 6, the optimum, compromisedor desired point on the target contour is the point that minimizes thevalue of PTC2 and maximizes the value of PTC1 in accordance with theequation C2*PTC2-C1*PTC1. Thus, the portion of the expression includingPTC1 and PTC2 ensures that operation is at a particular location on thecontour that is desired—namely on the lower portion of the contour andclosest to the RX_RL contour 620. In general, the algorithm operates tooptimize the current FOM or, more particularly in the illustratedembodiment, to minimize the expression of C2*PTC2−C1*PTC1 as long as thedesired TX_RL parameter is also met. It should be appreciated that thedetails associated with this example are associated with a specificcircuit design and a wide variety of relationships between theadjustable components of the AIMM would apply on a circuit by circuitbasis and as such, the present invention is not limited to this specificexample.

Another embodiment of the present invention may take into considerationhistorical performance of the tunable components as well as currentvalues. As an example, as the tunable components are adjusted, changesin the current FOM will occur in a particular direction (i.e., better orworse). As an example, if the AIMM adjustments 26 result in the currentFOM falling on the top portion of a desired performance contour, makinga particular adjustment may result in making the current FOM worse orbetter. If the adjustment was known to cause a certain result when thecurrent FOM is located on the bottom of the contour and this time, theopposite result occurs, then this knowledge can help identify where thecurrent FOM is located on the contour. Thus, knowing this informationcan be used in combination with the operation metric to attain theoperation at the target FOM. For instance, the target FOM may be afunction of the operational metrics, the current states of the tunablecomponents, and the knowledge of previous results from adjusting thetunable components.

Stated another way, when a current FOM is calculated, the adjustments toreach the target FOM may take into consideration past reactions toprevious adjustments. Thus, the adjustment to the tunable components maybe a function of the FOM associated with a current setting and, thechange in the current FOM resulting from previous changes to the tunablecomponents.

In another embodiment of the present invention operating in an FDMenvironment, the FOM may be optimized similar to operation in the TDMenvironment. For example, the FOM may be a function of the transmitterreflected loss metric and the system may function to optimize the FOMbased on this metric. Once optimized, the tunable components can beadjusted based on a predetermined translation to move the FOM from theoptimized for the transmitter position to a position that is somewherebetween the optimal transmitter setting and the optimal receiversetting.

FIG. 7 is a flow diagram illustrating the steps involved in an exemplaryembodiment of the present invention in obtaining the preference valuesfor PTC1 and PTC2. Initially, the process 700 involves plotting of thereturn loss contours for the various modes of operation, or a reasonablesubset thereof 710. FIG. 6 is an example of such a plot generated as aresult of performing this step. Next, the compromised tuning location isidentified 720. As previously mentioned, a variety of factors may beweighed to determine the compromised tuning location and one example, asillustrated in FIG. 6, is the point at which a target reflected loss forthe transmitter is the most proximate to a target reflected loss for thereceiver. In a typical embodiment, this is the point at which the targettransmitter and receiver contours at the desired reflected loss areclosest to each other and nearly parallel. Once the compromised locationis determined, the preference values can be characterized 730. Forinstance, in the example in FIG. 6, by drawing a perpendicular linebetween the two contours and passing through the compromised location,the slope and hence the preferences can be identified. These preferencevalues can then be determined and then applied across the broad spectrumof frequencies and usage scenarios 740.

It should be appreciated that the values of C1 and C2 are constants andcan vary among embodiments of the invention, as well as among devicesemploying the invention. As such, the values are determined empiricallyas described above. In an exemplary embodiment, the values of C1 and C2are 0.7 and 2 respectively for a given circuit and a given antenna,given mode of operation, etc. Thus, any given set of constants aredetermined empirically and only apply to a specific antenna design,circuit and mode of operation and, although the use of these specificvalues may in and of itself be considered novel, the present inventionis not limited to the particular expression. In fact, depending onparticular goals, design criteria, operational requirements, etc.different values may be required to attain the compromised performance.It will also be appreciated that in various embodiments, it may bedesired to have a different targeted reflection loss for the transmitterthan for the receiver.

In another embodiment of the present invention, rather than analyzingthe transmitter reflected power as the performance metric, thereflection coefficient vector may be measured. In this embodiment, thephase information of the reflection coefficient may be included withinthe FOM. For example, FIG. 8 is a contour plot showing the magnitude andthe phase of the reflection coefficient. The preferred point ofoperation 830 is shown as falling on the −12 dB contour 810 and at aphase of 45 degrees. In such an embodiment, the components of thematching circuit of the AIMM 100 can be adjusted to meet a reflectedloss value that falls on the −12 db contour and that also approaches thespecific point on the contour—namely at the point where the reflectioncoefficient differs by 45 degrees.

As mentioned, mobile and transportable transceivers are subjected to avariety of use cases. For instance, a typical cellular telephone couldbe operated in various scenarios including speaker phone mode, earbudded, with the antenna in the up position or the down position, in theuser's hand, holster, pocket, with a slider closed or extended, in aholster or out of a holster, etc. All of these scenarios, as well as avariety of other environmental circumstances can drastically alter thematching characteristics of the cellular telephone's antenna circuitry.As such, not only do the various embodiments of the present inventionoperate to tune the matching circuitry based on the operationalfrequency, but in addition, adjust the matching characteristics based onchanges in the modes of operation. Advantageously, this greatly improvesthe performance of the device without requiring separate matchingcircuitry for the various modes of operation of the device. Thus, itwill be appreciated that various other parameters can be monitored toidentify various use cases and then adjustments to the tuning circuitrycan be immediately deployed followed by fine tuning adjustments tooptimize the FOM. The other parameters in which the embodiments of thepresent invention may function are referred to as modes of operation.The various modes of operation include the use cases as previouslydescribed, along with operating environments, bands of operation,channel frequencies, modulation formats and schemes, and physicalenvironments. Thus, the various embodiments of the present invention maymake changes, select default values, calculate adjustment values, etc.,all as a function of one or more of the modes of operation.

One embodiment of the present invention may maintain a set of initialstarting values based on the various use cases and operationalenvironments. For instance, each use case may include a default value.Upon detection or activation of the device in a new use case, thedefault value is obtained from memory and the components in the AIMM aretuned accordingly. From that point on, the adjustment algorithm can thencommence fine tuning of the operation. As previously mentioned, eachtime the target FOM is attained for a particular use case, the newvalues may be written into the default location as the new defaultvalues. Thus, every time the operational state of the device changes,such as changing between bands of operation etc., the default values areobtained and applied, and then adjustments can resume or, operation cansimply be held at the default value.

Numerous specific details have now been set forth to provide a thoroughunderstanding of the invention. However, it will be understood by thoseskilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced withoutthese specific details. In other instances, well-known methods,procedures, components and circuits have not been described in detail soas not to obscure the present invention.

Unless specifically stated otherwise, as apparent from the description,it is appreciated that throughout the specification discussions thatdifferent electronic devices could be used to create a variable tunernetwork. The embodiments used in the examples discussed were specific tovariable capacitor devices, however variable inductors, or other tunablenetworks, built out of elements such as Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems(MEMS) and/or other tunable variable impedance networks could be used insuch an AIMM system.

Unless specifically stated otherwise, as apparent from the description,it is appreciated that throughout the specification discussionsutilizing terms such as “processing,” “computing,” “calculating,”“determining,” or the like, refer to the action and/or processes of amicroprocessor, microcontroller, computer or computing system, orsimilar electronic computing device, that manipulate and/or transformdata represented as physical, such as electronic, quantities within thecomputing system's registers and/or memories into other data similarlyrepresented as physical quantities within the computing system'smemories, registers or other such information storage, transmission ordisplay devices.

Embodiments of the present invention may include apparatuses forperforming the operations herein. An apparatus may be speciallyconstructed for the desired purposes, or it may comprise a generalpurpose computing device selectively activated or reconfigured by aprogram stored in the device. Such a program may be stored on a storagemedium, such as, but not limited to, any type of disk including floppydisks, optical disks, compact disc read only memories (CD-ROMs),magnetic-optical disks, read-only memories (ROMs), random accessmemories (RAMs), electrically programmable read-only memories (EPROMs),electrically erasable and programmable read only memories (EEPROMs),magnetic or optical cards, or any other type of media suitable forstoring electronic instructions, and capable of being coupled to asystem bus for a computing device.

The processes presented herein are not inherently related to anyparticular computing device or other apparatus. Various general purposesystems may be used with programs in accordance with the teachingsherein, or it may prove convenient to construct a more specializedapparatus to perform the desired method. The desired structure for avariety of these systems will appear from the description below. Inaddition, embodiments of the present invention are not described withreference to any particular programming language. It will be appreciatedthat a variety of programming languages may be used to implement theteachings of the invention as described herein. In addition, it shouldbe understood that operations, capabilities, and features describedherein may be implemented with any combination of hardware (discrete orintegrated circuits) and software.

Use of the terms “coupled” and “connected,” along with theirderivatives, may be used. It should be understood that these terms arenot intended as synonyms for each other. Rather, in particularembodiments, “connected” may be used to indicate that two or moreelements are in direct physical or electrical contact with each other.“Coupled” may be used to indicated that two or more elements are ineither direct or indirect (with other intervening elements between them)physical or electrical contact with each other, and/or that the two ormore elements co-operate or interact with each other (e.g. as in a causean effect relationship).

In the description and claims of the present application, each of theverbs, “comprise,” “include,” and “have”, and conjugates thereof, areused to indicate that the object or objects of the verb are notnecessarily a complete listing of members, components, elements, orparts of the subject or subjects of the verb.

The present invention has been described using detailed descriptions ofembodiments thereof that are provided by way of example and are notintended to limit the scope of the invention. The described embodimentscomprise different features, not all of which are required in allembodiments of the invention. Some embodiments of the present inventionutilize only some of the features or possible combinations of thefeatures. Variations of embodiments of the present invention that aredescribed and embodiments of the present invention comprising differentcombinations of features noted in the described embodiments will occurto persons of the art.

It will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the presentinvention is not limited by what has been particularly shown anddescribed herein above. Rather the scope of the invention is defined bythe claims that follow.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method comprising: obtaining, by a processor ofa communication device, an operational metric for a transceiver of thecommunication device; identifying a desired transmitter performance anda desired receiver performance; determining, by the processor, a targetfigure of merit based on a compromise between the desired transmitterperformance and the desired receiver performance; determining, by theprocessor, a current figure of merit based on the operational metric;comparing, by the processor, the current figure of merit to the targetfigure of merit; and adjusting, by the processor, a variable reactancecomponent of an impedance matching circuit a variable tuner networkoperably coupled with an antenna of the communication device, theadjusting of the variable reactance component being performed based onthe comparing of the current and the target figures of merit, whereinthe obtaining of the operational metric is during a transmit mode of thetransceiver of the communication device, wherein the variable reactancecomponent is adjusted without utilizing operational metrics measuredduring a receive mode of the communication device.
 2. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the obtaining of the operational metric is during atransmit mode of the transceiver, wherein the variable reactancecomponent is adjusted without utilizing operational metrics measuredduring a receive mode of the communication device.
 3. The method ofclaim 1, comprising communicating, by the communication device,utilizing frequency division multiplexing.
 4. The method of claim 1,wherein the determining of the target figure of merit includes selectinga mid-point between the desired transmitter performance and the desiredreceiver performance.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the determiningof the current figure of merit is based on known parameters associatedwith the variable reactance component and is not based on phaseinformation.
 6. The method of claim 1, comprising: storing a tuningvalue based on the adjusting of the variable reactance component; andutilizing the tuning value as a default value for subsequent tuning ofthe antenna.
 7. The method of claim 6, comprising: determining anoperational state of the communication device; and utilizing informationassociated with the operational state as a default value for subsequenttuning of the antenna.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the operationalstate comprises a use case scenario selected from the group consistingessentially of hand held operation, antenna position and sliderposition.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the compromise between thedesired transmitter performance and the desired receiver performance isbased on an evaluation of total radiated power, isotropic power or acombination thereof.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the compromisebetween the desired transmitter performance and the desired receiverperformance is based on an evaluation of total isotropic sensitivity atype of communication service.
 11. The method of claim 1, wherein thecompromise between the desired transmitter performance and the desiredreceiver performance is based on an evaluation of transmitter linearity.12. The method of claim 1, wherein the compromise between the desiredtransmitter performance and the desired receiver performance is based onan evaluation of transmitter efficiency.
 13. A communication devicecomprising: an antenna; a transceiver; an impedance matchinga variabletuner network coupled with the antenna and the transceiver, wherein theimpedance matchingvariable tuner network includes a variable reactancecomponent; a memory to store computer instructions; and a controllercoupled with the memory and the impedance matching variable tunernetwork, wherein the controller, responsive to executing the computerinstructions, performs operations comprising: obtaining an operationalmetric associated with the transceiver communication device; identifyinga desired transmitter performance and a desired receiver performance;determining a target figure of merit based on a compromise between thedesired transmitter performance and the desired receiver performance;determining a current figure of merit based on the operational metric;and adjusting the variable reactance component of the impedance matchingcircuit variable tuner network based on a comparison of the currentfigure of merit with and the target figure of merit, wherein theobtaining of the operational metric is during a transmit mode of thetransceiver, and wherein the variable reactance component is adjustedwithout utilizing operational metrics measured during a receive mode ofthe communication device.
 14. The communication device of claim 13,further comprising a transceiver, wherein the variable reactancecomponent includes a voltage tunable capacitor, and wherein theoperations of the controller further comprise: determining a use casefor the communication device; and performing an initial adjustment ofthe voltage tunable capacitor based on the use case without utilizingany operational metrics associated with the transceiver, wherein theinitial adjustment of the voltage tunable capacitor is performed priorto the adjusting based on the comparison of the current figure of meritwith the target figure of merit.
 15. The communication device of claim13, wherein the variable reactance component includes aMicro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) variable reactance component.16. The communication device of claim 13, wherein the operations of thecontroller further comprise: storing a tuning value based on theadjusting of the variable reactance component; and utilizing the tuningvalue as a default value for subsequent tuning of the antenna.
 17. Thecommunication device of claim 13, wherein the obtaining of theoperational metric is during a transmit mode of the transceiver, andwherein the variable reactance component is adjusted without utilizingoperational metrics measured during a receive mode of the communicationdevice.
 18. The communication device of claim 13, wherein the adjustingof the variable reactance component is associated with a communicationsession that utilizes frequency division multiplexing.
 19. A methodcomprising: obtaining an operational metric for a transceiver of acommunication device; determining a target figure of merit based ontransceiver performance of the communication device; determining acurrent figure of merit based on the operational metric, wherein thedetermining of the target figure of merit is not based on phaseinformation; comparing the current figure of merit to the target figureof merit to determine a figure of merit comparison; and adjusting, by aprocessor of the communication device, a variable reactance component ofan impedance matching circuit a variable tuner network operably coupledwith an antenna of the communication device, the adjusting of thevariable reactance component being performed based on the figure currentand target figures of merit comparison and based on previous tuningresults associated with previous adjusting of the variable reactancecomponent the variable tuner network, wherein the obtaining of theoperational metric is during a transmit mode of the transceiver, andwherein the variable reactance component is adjusted without utilizingoperational metrics measured during a receive mode of the communicationdevice.
 20. The method of claim 19, comprising monitoring the previoustuning results by determining a change in the current figure of meritbased on different reactance values for the variable reactancecomponent.
 21. The method of claim 19, wherein the operational metriccomprises a return loss.
 22. The method of claim 19, wherein thevariable reactance component includes at least one of aMicro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) variable reactance component anda voltage tunable capacitor.
 23. The method of claim 19, wherein thecurrent figure of merit, the target figure of merit or both is accordingto a vector measurement of a transmission reflection coefficient. 24.The method of claim 1, wherein the adjusting of the variable reactancecomponent is based on tuning values stored in a lookup table.
 25. Acommunication device comprising: an antenna; a transceiver; a variabletuner network coupled with the antenna; a memory that stores computerinstructions; and a controller coupled with the memory and the variabletuner network, wherein the controller, responsive to executing thecomputer instructions, performs operations comprising: obtaining anon-receiver operational metric; identifying a first desired performanceof the communication device; identifying a second desired performance ofthe communication device; determining a target figure of merit based ona compromise between the first desired performance and the seconddesired performance; determining a current figure of merit based on thenon-receiver operational metric; and adjusting a variable reactance ofthe variable tuner network based on the current figure of merit and thetarget figure of merit, wherein the obtaining of the operational metricis during a transmit mode of the transceiver, and wherein the variablereactance component is adjusted without utilizing operational metricsmeasured during a receive mode of the communication device.
 26. Thecommunication device of claim 25, wherein the target figure of merit isstored in a lookup table.
 27. The communication device of claim 25,wherein the first desired performance is associated with a firstcomponent of the communication device, and wherein the second desiredperformance is associated with a second component of the communicationdevice.
 28. The communication device of claim 25, wherein the variabletuner network includes a Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS)variable reactance component.
 29. The communication device of claim 25,wherein the variable tuner network includes a voltage tunable capacitor.30. A communication device comprising: an antenna; a transceiver; avariable tuner network coupled with the antenna; a memory that storescomputer instructions; and a controller coupled with the memory and thevariable tuner network, wherein the controller, responsive to executingthe computer instructions, performs operations comprising: obtaining anoperational metric for communications of a communication device;determining a target figure of merit based on communications performanceof the communication device; determining a current figure of merit basedon the operational metric, wherein the determining of the target figureof merit is not based on phase information; and adjusting the variabletuner network based on the current and target figures of merit, whereinthe obtaining of the operational metric is during a transmit mode of thetransceiver, and wherein the variable tuner network is adjusted withoututilizing operational metrics measured during a receive mode of thecommunication device.
 31. The communication device of claim 30, whereinthe adjusting of the variable tuner network is further based on previoustuning results associated with previous adjusting of the variable tunernetwork.
 32. The communication device of claim 30, wherein theoperational metric comprises a return loss.
 33. The communication deviceof claim 30, wherein the communications performance is associated withtotal radiated power, total isotropic sensitivity, linearity or acombination thereof.
 34. The communication device of claim 30, whereinthe variable tuner network includes a Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems(MEMS) variable reactance component.
 35. The communication device ofclaim 30, wherein the variable tuner network includes a voltage tunablecapacitor.